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International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences Research Article
Embryotoxicity and antiangiogenic potential of the aqueous bark extract of the endemic Philippine cinnamon Cinnamomum mindanaense in mallard duck embryos using the chorioallantoic membrane assay
Jay P. Picardal
Year : 2026 | Volume: 11 | Issue: 5 | Pages: 215-225
Received on: 27/05/2026
Revised on: 13/06/2026
Accepted on: 28/07/2026
Published on: 30/09/2026
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Jay P. Picardal( 2026).
Embryotoxicity and antiangiogenic potential of the aqueous bark extract of the endemic Philippine cinnamon Cinnamomum mindanaense in mallard duck embryos using the chorioallantoic membrane assay
. International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences, 11( 5), 215-225.
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a regulated process necessary for normal embryonic development, blood vessel growth, and tissue repair. Among Philippine plants, little is known about the antiangiogenic potential of Philippine endemic cinnamon. This study evaluated the embryotoxicity and antiangiogenic potential of the aqueous bark extract of C. mindanaense using the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Fertilized eggs (N=40, 1 day old) were randomly assigned to an untreated control, solvent control (ddH?O), positive control (retinoic acid), and five concentrations of aqueous bark extract (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%). Embryonic development was evaluated by measuring crown-rump, forelimb, hindlimb, and beak. The complexity of vascular branching was quantified by the Fractal Dimension Index (FDI) derived from ImageJ analysis of CAM images. All morphological parameters were significantly affected by the experimental treatment (P < 0.05). The maximum reduction in crown-to-rump and forelimb length in the extract-treated groups was observed with 100% aqueous bark extract, whereas lower concentrations exhibited morphometric measurements almost similar to the controls. The degree of branching of the vascular network differed significantly between treatments (fractal analysis; Kruskal–Wallis H (7) = 31.20, P < 0.001, ?² = 0.756). The minimum FDI was obtained with 100% aqueous bark extract in the embryos, which was 26.2% lower than the untreated control, and the FDI increased with the dilution of the extract. The aqueous bark extract of C. mindanaense exhibited concentration-dependent embryotoxic and antiangiogenic effects, with the undiluted extract producing the greatest inhibition of embryonic growth and CAM vascular branching. These findings identify C. mindanaense as a promising endemic Philippine species for future studies on plant-derived antiangiogenic compounds.
Keywords
Angiogenesis, Embryotoxicity, Chorioallantoic membrane assay, Philippine endemic cinnamon.
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© The Author(s) 2026. This article is published by International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (creativecommons.org), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
